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MASW & VS30 Shear Wave Velocity Testing in Brighton

Practical geotechnics, field-tested.

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Brighton’s geology has a habit of keeping you on your toes. You might start with solid chalk near the racecourse, then hit loose Head deposits or thick raised beach gravels just a few hundred metres downslope toward the seafront — and that shift changes the site class completely. We have seen projects where the VS30 value dropped from class B to class D simply because the chalk was more weathered than the boreholes suggested. That is where a surface-wave survey earns its keep. The MASW method gives you a continuous shear-wave velocity profile without the gaps that SPT or CPT leave between test depths, which matters when the formation boundary is uneven. For sites near the Brighton Marina or along the A23 corridor, combining MASW with an SPT drilling campaign is often the most pragmatic way to calibrate velocity against direct penetration resistance, particularly where the chalk is fractured and the seismic signal can scatter.

In Brighton, a VS30 value measured on dry chalk in August can differ from the same location in February — saturation affects Rayleigh wave velocity in the upper 3 metres more than most people expect.

Our service areas

Methodology and scope

Under Eurocode 7 (BS EN 1997-1:2004) and BS 5930, ground investigation in Brighton must account for the Chalk Group’s variable weathering profile — from Grade I structureless chalk to Grade V intact rock — because stiffness degrades dramatically across just a few metres. The MASW technique measures Rayleigh-wave dispersion and inverts it to produce a 1D Vs profile, typically reaching depths of 20 to 30 metres with a 24-channel array. What we find repeatedly along the coastal strip between Hove and Rottingdean is that the VS30 value correlates poorly with SPT N-values alone where flint bands or solution pipes distort the wave path. In those settings, we run a seismic refraction line first to map the top-of-chalk surface, then position the MASW spread where the bedrock is shallowest to avoid side-scatter from buried hollows. The processed data feeds directly into ground-type classification per BS EN 1998-1, and for sites with a suspected liquefiable layer in the superficial deposits we cross-check results with a CPT test to confirm cyclic resistance ratios.
MASW & VS30 Shear Wave Velocity Testing in Brighton
Technical reference — Brighton

Local considerations

Brighton sits on the northern edge of the Anglo-Paris Basin, where the Upper Chalk dips gently southward beneath Quaternary deposits up to 10 metres thick in the old river valleys. The city is in a low-to-moderate seismicity region, but the real hazard for site classification is not earthquake shaking — it is mischaracterising the ground because of hidden solution features. The chalk here is riddled with dissolution pipes and clay-filled sinkholes that can be less than three metres wide, easily missed by a borehole but large enough to create a velocity inversion in a MASW dispersion curve. When the Vs contrast between the infill and the surrounding chalk exceeds a factor of two, the fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave can lose energy to higher modes, and an inexperienced interpreter will pick the wrong dispersion branch, producing a VS30 value that is 30–40% too high. We run multiple spreads with overlapping coverage and check for lateral variability before assigning a site class — shortcuts on a single-line survey are not worth the liability later.

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Applicable standards

BS EN 1997-1:2004 (Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design), BS EN 1998-1:2004 (Eurocode 8: Seismic actions), BS 5930:2015+A1:2020 (Code of practice for ground investigations)

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Method standardMASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves)
Geophone array24-channel, 2–4 m spacing
Typical investigation depth20–30 m below ground level
Shear wave velocity range100–1200 m/s
Site class output (BS EN 1998-1)Classes A–E
Data processingDispersion curve extraction, 1D inversion
ReportingVs profiles, VS30 calculation, ground-type map

Frequently asked questions

What does a MASW survey cost for a typical Brighton residential plot?

For a standard residential site in Brighton with a single 24-channel MASW spread, the survey typically falls between £1.370 and £2.540, depending on access constraints, the number of spreads required, and whether supplementary seismic refraction or intrusive calibration is needed. Sites with restricted line length — common in the North Laine area — may need a higher-frequency source and additional processing, which can shift the cost toward the upper end of that range.

How deep can MASW investigate in Brighton's chalk geology?

With a 24-channel array and 2–4 metre geophone spacing, we routinely reach 25 to 30 metres depth in Brighton's Upper Chalk. The actual depth of investigation depends on the longest usable wavelength recovered in the dispersion curve, which is influenced by the source energy and the stiffness contrast between the superficial deposits and the chalk. Where the chalk is highly weathered near the surface, the maximum depth may reduce to around 20 metres.

Is MASW accepted by Brighton & Hove City Council for building control submissions?

Yes. Brighton & Hove City Council accepts MASW-derived VS30 values as part of a ground investigation report, provided the survey is conducted and interpreted in accordance with BS EN 1998-1 and BS 5930. The report should include the dispersion curves, inversion parameters, and a clear statement of the site class, and it is advisable to calibrate the seismic velocities against at least one borehole or CPT sounding on the site.

Can MASW detect dissolution features in the Brighton chalk?

MASW can identify large dissolution pipes or clay-filled sinkholes when the velocity contrast is strong and the feature is wide enough relative to the geophone spacing. However, narrow pipes under 2 metres in diameter may be smoothed out in the inversion. We recommend running at least two parallel spreads and comparing the VS30 values — a discrepancy of more than 15% between lines often indicates a lateral anomaly that warrants targeted intrusive investigation.

How long does a MASW survey take on site in Brighton?

A single 24-channel MASW spread on an accessible Brighton site takes about 90 minutes to set up, acquire, and quality-check. If multiple spreads are needed — for example, to cover a larger footprint or to verify lateral variability — the field work can extend to half a day. Data processing and reporting usually take an additional two to three working days.

Location and service area

We serve projects across Brighton and surrounding areas.

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